EMOTIONAL LABOR STRATEGIES IN ONLINE EFL TEACHING: A NOVICE EFL TEACHER’S NARRATIVE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63506/jilc.0902.338Keywords:
Emotional labor strategies, novice EFL teacher, online teachingAbstract
This study explores the emotional labor strategies of novice EFL teachers when teaching online to young learners. Drawing on a post-structural perspective, the research focuses on how novice EFL teachers construct the emotional rules they are expected to follow and how they perform emotional labor regarding those rules. Two main tools were used in this study, including a narrative frame and a semi-structured in-depth interview. The participant was a novice teacher with two years of experience, currently working as an EFL teacher at a private language center and also teaching primary students online as a freelancer. The findings show that the emotional labor strategies of this novice teacher in online teaching are influenced not only by his institution’s display rules but also by how he sees himself as a teacher. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of novice teachers’ emotional labor by highlighting the role of context, negotiation, and identity construction.
Downloads
References
Acheson, K., Taylor, J., & Luna, K. (2016). The burnout spiral: The emotion labor of five rural U.S. foreign language teachers. The Modern Language Journal, 100, 522e537. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12333
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997508
Bao, C., Zhang, L. J., & Dixon, H. R. (2022). Emotional labor in teaching Chinese as an additional language in a family-based context in New Zealand: A Chinese teacher’s case. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 902700. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.902700
Benesch, S. (2017). Emotions and English language teaching: Exploring teachers’ emotion labor. Routledge.
Benesch, S. (2018). Emotions as agency: Feeling rules, emotion labor, and English language teachers’ decision-making. System, 79, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.03.015
Bingham, A. J. (2023). From Data Management to Actionable Findings: A Five-Phase Process of Qualitative Data Analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231183620
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (2006). Narrative inquiry. In J. L. Green, G. Camilli, P. Elmore (Eds.), Handbook of complementary methods in education research (3rd ed.), (pp. 477 - 487). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Curby, T. W., Brock, L. L., & Hamre, B. K. (2013). Teachers’ emotional support consistency predicts children’s achievement gains and social skills. Early Education & Development, 24(3), 292–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2012.665760
Derakhshan, A., Nazari, M. “I am Fed Up with the Criticisms”: Examining the Role of Emotional Critical Incidents in a Novice Teacher’s Identity Construction. Asia-Pacific Edu Res 32, 449–458 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-022-00666-1
Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.02.001
Geng, F., Yu, S., & Yuan, R. E. (2023). Exploring L2 writing teachers’ feeling rules, emotional labor and regulation strategies. System, 119, 103160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103160
Glomb, T. M., & Tews, M. J. (2004). Emotional labor: A conceptualization and scale development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8791(03)00038-1
Her, L., & De Costa, P. I. (2022). When language teacher emotions and language policy intersect: A critical perspective. System, 105, 102745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102745
Herrera, P., & Javier, L. (2023). “I don’t like working hard to materialize another person’s dreams”: The emotion labor and identity dilemma of a novice Iranian female EFL teacher at private language institutes. Applied Research on English Language, 12(2), 175–200. https://doi.org/10.22108/are.2023.137256.2070
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.
Karimi, M. N., & Nazari, M. (2021). Examining L2 teachers’ critical incidents: A complexity theoretic perspective. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2019.1676755
Kim, Y., & Kim, T. Y. (2022). The dynamics of beginning EFL teachers' teaching experiences and their emotional labor from an activity theory perspective. English Teaching, 77(2), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.15858/engtea.77.2.202206.65
Kompella, L. (2024). Service innovations, value-driven business model, and institute growth: Insights from a higher-education institute. International Journal of Educational Management, 38(6), 1735–1751. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-06-2023-0279
Li, H., & Liu, H. (2021). Beginning EFL teachers' emotional labor strategies in the Chinese context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 737746. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737746
Liu, H., Li, H., & Fang, F. (2024). “Behind the screen, I still care about my students!”:
Exploring the emotional labour of English language teachers in online teaching during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 34(2), 450–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12501
MOET. (2016). National Foreign Language Project 2020: Developing foreign language competence for Vietnamese people. https://moet.gov.vn/tintuc/Pages/tin-tong-hop.aspx?ItemID=4228
Ngo, T. C. T. (2024). A study on EFL university teachers’ emotion regulation strategies in the classrooms in Vietnam. Unpublished. Doctoral dissertation, University of Foreign Languages and International Studies, Hue University.
Nyanjom, J., & Naylor, D. (2020). Performing emotional labour while teaching online. Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2020.1836989
Pham, L. T. T., & Phan, A. N. Q. (2021). “Let’s accept it”: Vietnamese university language teachers’ emotion in online synchronous teaching in response to COVID-19. Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 40(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/20590776.2021.2000321
Schutz, P. A., Nichols, S. L., & Schwenke, S. (2018). Critical events, emotional episodes, and teacher attributions in the development of teacher identities. In P. A. Schutz, J. Hong, & D. C. Francis (Eds.), Research on teacher identity: Mapping challenges and innovations (pp. 49–60). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93836-3_5
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2014). Teacher self-efficacy and perceived autonomy: Relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. Psychological Reports, 114(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.2466/14.02.PR0.114k14w0
Song, J. (2022). The emotional landscape of online teaching: An autoethnographic exploration of vulnerability and emotional reflexivity. System, 106, 102774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102774
Spencer, S., & Rupp, D. E. (2009). Angry, guilty, and conflicted: Injustice toward coworkers heightens emotional labor through cognitive and emotional mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 429.
Stark, K., & Bettini, E. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions of emotional display rules in schools: A systematic review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 104, 103388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103388
Tuxford, L. M., & Bradley, G. L. (2015). Emotional job demands and emotional exhaustion in teachers. Educational Psychology, 35,1006e1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2014.912260
Waldbuesser, C., Rubinsky, V., & Titsworth, S. (2021). Teacher emotional labor: Examining teacher feeling rules in the college classroom. Communication Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2021.1936097
Winograd, K. (2003). The Functions of Teacher Emotions: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Teachers College Record, 105(9), 1641 1673. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810310500902
Yin, H. B., Lee, J. C. K., Zhang, Z. H., & Jin, Y. L. (2013). Exploring the relationship among teachers' emotional intelligence, emotional labor strategies and teaching satisfaction. Teaching and teacher education, 35, 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.06.006
Zembylas, M. (2004). The emotional characteristics of teaching: An ethnographic study of one teacher. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(2), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.09.008
Zembylas, M. (2005). Discursive practices, genealogies, and emotional rules: A post-structuralist view on emotion and identity in teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 935-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.005